Inefficacy of anti-VEGF therapy reflected in VEGF-mediated photoreceptor degeneration.

Retinal neovascularization (RNV) is primarily driven by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, current anti-VEGF therapies are limited by short half-lives and repeated injections, which reduce patient quality of life and increase medical risks. Additionally, not all patients benefit from anti-VEGF monotherapy, and some problems, such as unsatisfactory vision recovery, persist after long-term treatment. In this study, we constructed a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV), AAV2-SPLTH, which encodes an anti-VEGF antibody similar to bevacizumab, and assessed its effects in a doxycycline-induced Tet-opsin-VEGFA mouse model of RNV. AAV2-SPLTH effectively inhibited retinal leakage, RNV progression, and photoreceptor apoptosis in a Tet-opsin-VEGF mouse model. However, proteomic sequencing showed that AAV2-SPLTH failed to rescue the expression of phototransduction-related genes, which corresponded to reduced photoreceptor cell numbers. This study suggests that anti-VEGF monotherapy can significantly inhibit RNV to some extent but may not be enough to save visual function in the long term.

Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and colorectal polyp/colorectal cancer.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) plays an important role in the development of gastric cancer, although its association to colorectal polyp (CP) or colorectal cancer (CRC) is unknown. In this issue of World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhang et al investigated the risk factors for H. pylori infection after colon polyp resection. Importantly, the researchers used R software to create a prediction model for H. pylori infection based on their findings. This editorial gives an overview of the association between H. pylori and CP/CRC, including the clinical significance of H. pylori as an independent risk factor for CP/CRC, the underlying processes of H. pylori-associated carcinogenesis, and the possible risk factors and identification of H. pylori.

An In Vitro Hybrid Biocatalytic System Enabled by a Combination of Surface-Displayed, Purified, and Cell-Free Expressed Enzymes.

Enzymatic cascades have become a green and sustainable approach for the synthesis of valuable chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Using sequential enzymes to construct a multienzyme complex is an effective way to enhance the overall performance of biosynthetic routes. Here we report the design of an efficient in vitro hybrid biocatalytic system by assembling three enzymes that can convert styrene to (S)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol. Specifically, we prepared the three enzymes in different ways, which were cell surface-displayed, purified, and cell-free expressed. To assemble them, we fused two orthogonal peptide-protein pairs (i.e., SpyTag/SpyCatcher and SnoopTag/SnoopCatcher) to the three enzymes, allowing their spatial organization by covalent assembly. By doing this, we constructed a multienzyme complex, which could enhance the production of (S)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol by 3 times compared to the free-floating enzyme system without assembly. After optimization of the reaction system, the final product yield reached 234.6 µM with a substrate conversion rate of 46.9% (based on 0.5 mM styrene). Taken together, our strategy integrates the merits of advanced biochemical engineering techniques, including cellular surface display, spatial enzyme organization, and cell-free expression, which offers a new solution for chemical biosynthesis by enzymatic cascade biotransformation. We, therefore, anticipate that our approach will hold great potential for designing and constructing highly efficient systems to synthesize chemicals of agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical significance.

Discharge within 24 h, transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery- more suitable for ambulatory surgery in gynecology procedures: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is an achievement in the field of minimally invasive surgery. However, the vantage point of vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) in gynecologicalprocedures remains unclear. The main purpose of this study was to compare vNOTES with laparo-endoscopic single-site surgery, and to determine which procedure is more suitable for ambulatory surgery in gynecologic procedures. METHODS: This retrospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Gynecology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital. The 207 enrolled patients had accepted vNOTES and laparo-endoscopic single-site surgery in gynecology procedures from February 2021 to March 2022. Surgically relevant information regarding patients who underwent ambulatory surgery was collected, and 64 females underwent vNOTES. RESULTS: Multiple outcomes were analyzed in 207 patients. The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test showed that there were statistically significant differences between the vNOTES and laparo-endoscopic single-site surgery groups in terms of postoperative pain score (0 vs. 1 scores, p = 0.026), duration of anesthesia (90 vs. 101 min, p = 0.025), surgery time (65 vs. 80 min, p = 0.015), estimated blood loss (20 vs. 40 mL, p < 0.001), and intestinal exhaustion time (12.20 vs. 17.14 h, p < 0.001). Treatment with vNOTES resulted in convenience, both with respect to time savings and hemorrhage volume in surgery and with respect to the quality of the prognosis. CONCLUSION: These comprehensive data reveal the capacity of vNOTES to increase surgical efficiency. vNOTES in gynecological procedures may demonstrate sufficient feasibility and provide a new medical strategy compared with laparo-endoscopic single-site surgery for ambulatory surgery in gynecological procedures.

Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation for post-stroke aphasia: protocol of a randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled trial.

Background: Post-stroke aphasia (PSA) is one of the most devastating symptoms after stroke, yet limited treatment options are available. Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation (piTBS) is a promising therapy for PSA. However, its efficacy remains unclear. Therefore, we aim to investigate the efficacy of piTBS over the left supplementary motor area (SMA) in improving language function for PSA patients and further explore the mechanism of language recovery. Methods: This is a randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled trial. A total of 30 PSA patients will be randomly allocated to receive either piTBS stimulation or sham stimulation for 15 sessions over a period of 3 weeks. The primary outcome is the Western Aphasia Battery Revised (WAB-R) changes after treatment. The secondary outcomes include The Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale (SAQOL-39 g), resting-state electroencephalogram (resting-state EEG), Event-related potentials (ERP), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These outcome measures are assessed before treatment, after treatment, and at 4-weeks follow up. This study was registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (No. ChiCTR23000203238). Discussion: This study protocol is promising for improving language in PSA patients. Resting-state EEG, ERP, and blood examination can be used to explore the neural mechanisms of PSA treatment with piTBS. Clinical trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/index.html, ChiCTR2300074533.

A laser-Engraved Wearable Electrochemical Sensing Patch for Heat Stress Precise Individual Management of Horse.

In point-of-care diagnostics, the continuous monitoring of sweat constituents provides a window into individual's physiological state. For species like horses, with abundant sweat glands, sweat composition can serve as an early health indicator. Considering the salience of such metrics in the domain of high-value animal breeding, a sophisticated wearable sensor patch tailored is introduced for the dynamic assessment of equine sweat, offering insights into pH, potassium ion (K+), and temperature profiles during episodes of heat stress and under normal physiological conditions. The device integrates a laser-engraved graphene (LEG) sensing electrode array, a non-invasive iontophoretic module for stimulated sweat secretion, an adaptable signal processing unit, and an embedded wireless communication framework. Profiting from an admirable Truth Table capable of logical evaluation, the integrated system enabled the early and timely assessment for heat stress, with high accuracy, stability, and reproducibility. The sensor patch has been calibrated to align with the unique dermal and physiological contours of equine anatomy, thereby augmenting its applicability in practical settings. This real-time analysis tool for equine perspiration stands to revolutionize personalized health management approaches for high-value animals, marking a significant stride in the integration of smart technologies within the agricultural sector.

The resistance patterns and molecular characteristics of ESBL/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from captive panda ecosystem in China.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) plays an important ecological role, and is a useful bioindicator to recognize the evolution of resistance in human, animal and environment. Recently, extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL) producing E.coli has posed a threat to public health. Generally, captive healthy giant pandas are not exposed to antibiotics; however, they still acquire antimicrobial resistant bacteria. In order to understand whether there is an exchange of resistance genes within the ecosystems of captive giant pandas, this study explored resistance characteristics of 330 commensal E. coli isolates from feces of giant pandas, the surroundings, and breeders. Isolates from different sources showed similar resistance phenotype, and ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates showed more profound resistance to antibiotics than non-ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates (P<0.05). Furthermore, the occurrence of broad-spectrum ß-lactamase related resistance genes and colistin resistance genes was detected, and isolates phylogenetic typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were applied in this study. Seven different ß-lactamase resistance genes (blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-65, blaTEM-1, blaOXA-1 and blaCMY) and mcr-1 were found in 68 ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates. blaCTX-M-55 (48.53 %) was found the most predominant resistance genes, followed by blaTEM-1 (19.12 %) and blaCTX-M-27 (16.18 %). Nonetheless, blaCTX-M-55 was commonly detected in the isolates from giant pandas (63.16 %), the surroundings (43.48 %), and breeders (33.33 %). However, there were no carbapenemase genes detected in this study. mcr-1 was harbored in only one isolate from giant panda. Forty-five tansconjugants were successfully obtained in the conjugation experiments. The presence of antimicrobial resistance and related resistance genes tested were observed in the transconjugants. The results indicated that 52.63 % of the isolates from giant panda 73.91 % of the isolates from surroundings, and 100 % of the isolates from breeders were phylogroup A. Total of 27 sequence types (ST) were recognized from the isolate by MLST and found that ST48 (19/68; 27.94 %) was the predominant ST type, especially in the isolates from giant pandas and the surroundings. In conclusion, commensal ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli becomes a reservoir of ESBL resistance genes, which is a potential threaten to health of giant pandas. The interaction between giant pandas, surroundings and breeders contribute to development of resistant phenotypes and genotypes which might transfer across species or the surroundings easily; hence, strict monitoring based on a "One Health" approach is recommended.

Resonant exchange of Chiral Majorana Fermions modulated by two parallel quantum dots.

Resonant exchange of the chiral Majorana fermions (MFs) that is coupled to two parallel Majorana zero modes (MZMs) or two parallel quantum dots (QDs) is investigated. We find that, in the two QDs coupling case, the resonant exchange for the chiral MFs is analogous to that in the MZM coupling case. We further propose a circuit based on topological superconductor (TSC), which is formed by the proximity coupling of a quantum anomalous Hall insulator (QAHI) and a s-wave superconductor, to observe the resonant exchange of chiral MFs pairs. The numerical calculations show that the resonant transmission of the chiral MFs can be adjusted by varying the coupling parameters. It is particularly noteworthy that, by only modulating the coupling strength between the two QDs, the resonant exchange may be switched on or off. By adding another MZM, the non-Abelian braidinglike operation can be realized. Therefore, our design scheme may provide another way for non-Abelian braiding operation of MFs and the findings may have potential application value in the realization of topological quantum computers.

Safety of Repeated Low-level Red-Light Therapy for Children with Myopia.

BACKGROUD: To investigate the safety of repetitive low-level red-light therapy (RLRLT) in children with myopia. METHODS: Children with myopia were assigned to the RLRL and control groups. Axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) were followed up at 3-, 6-, and 12-month. To evaluate the safety of RLRLT, at 6 and 12 months in the RLRL group, multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and contrast sensitivity were recorded. Furthermore, optical coherence tomography was used to measure the relative reflectance of the ellipsoid zone (rEZR), photoreceptor outer segment (rPOSR), and retinal pigment epithelium (rRPER). RESULTS: A total of 108 children completed the trial (55 in the RLRL group and 53 in the control group). After 3, 6, and 12 months, axial length (AL) was shorter and SER less myopic in the RLRL group than in the control group. Regarding the safety of the RLRLT, the response density and amplitude of the P1 wave of the first ring of the mfERG increased significantly at 6 months (P =0.001 and P =0.017, respectively). At 6 and 12 months, contrast sensitivity at the high spatial frequency increased. Moreover, the rEZR increased significantly at 6 months (P =0.029), the rPOSR increased significantly at 6 and 12 months (both P <0.001), and the increase in rPOSR was greater with greater AL regression. CONCLUSIONS: Based on retinal function follow-up, RLRLT was safe within 12 months. However, rEZR and rPOSR increased, the effects of this phenomenon requires further observation.

MICAL-L2, as an estrogen-responsive gene, is involved in ER-positive breast cancer cell progression and tamoxifen sensitivity via the Akt/mTOR pathway.

Endocrine treatment, particularly tamoxifen, has shown significant improvement in the prognosis of patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) breast cancer. However, the clinical utility of this treatment is often hindered by the development of endocrine resistance. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving ER-positive breast cancer carcinogenesis and endocrine resistance is crucial to overcome this clinical challenge. In this study, we investigated the expression of MICAL-L2 in ER-positive breast cancer and its impact on patient prognosis. We observed a significant upregulation of MICAL-L2 expression in ER-positive breast cancer, which correlated with a poorer prognosis in these patients. Furthermore, we found that estrogen-ERß signaling promoted the expression of MICAL-L2. Functionally, our study demonstrated that MICAL-L2 not only played an oncogenic role in ER-positive breast cancer tumorigenesis but also influenced the sensitivity of ER-positive breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. Mechanistically, as an estrogen-responsive gene, MICAL-L2 facilitated the activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in ER-positive breast cancer cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that MICAL-L2 could serve as a potential prognostic marker for ER-positive breast cancer and represent a promising molecular target for improving endocrine treatment and developing therapeutic approaches for this subtype of breast cancer.

Exploration of anatomical distribution of brain metastasis from breast cancer at first diagnosis assisted by artificial intelligence.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the spatial distribution of brain metastases (BMs) from breast cancer (BC) and to identify the high-risk sub-structures in BMs that are involved at first diagnosis. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were retrospectively reviewed at our centre. The brain was divided into eight regions according to its anatomy and function, and the volume of each region was calculated. The identification and volume calculation of metastatic brain lesions were accomplished using an automatically segmented 3D BUC-Net model. The observed and expected rates of BMs were compared using 2-tailed proportional hypothesis testing. Results: A total of 250 patients with BC who presented with 1694 BMs were retrospectively identified. The overall observed incidences of the substructures were as follows: cerebellum, 42.1 %; frontal lobe, 20.1 %; occipital lobe, 9.7 %; temporal lobe, 8.0 %; parietal lobe, 13.1 %; thalamus, 4.7 %; brainstem, 0.9 %; and hippocampus, 1.3 %. Compared with the expected rate based on the volume of different brain regions, the cerebellum, occipital lobe, and thalamus were identified as higher risk regions for BMs (P value ≤ 5.6*10-3). Sub-group analysis according to the type of BC indicated that patients with triple-negative BC had a high risk of involvement of the hippocampus and brainstem. Conclusions: Among patients with BC, the cerebellum, occipital lobe and thalamus were identified as higher-risk regions than expected for BMs. The brainstem and hippocampus were high-risk areas of the BMs in triple negative breast cancer. However, further validation of this conclusion requires a larger sample size.

Mitochondrial genomes of four slug moths (Lepidoptera, Limacodidae): Genome description and phylogenetic implications.

The family Limacodidae belongs to the superfamily Zygaenoidea, which includes 1672 species commonly referred to as slug moths. Limacodidae larvae are major pests for many economically important plant species and can cause human dermatitis. At present, the structure of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome), phylogenetic position, and adaptive evolution of slug moths are poorly understood. Herein, the mitogenomes of Parasa lepida, Phlossa conjuncta, Thosea sinensis, and Setora sinensis were sequenced and compared with other available mitogenome sequences to better characterize the mitogenomic diversity and evolution of this moth family. The mitogenomes of P. lepida, P. conjuncta, T. sinensis, and S. sinensis were confirmed to be circular in structure with lengths of 15,575 bp, 15,553 bp, 15,535 bp, and 15,529 bp, respectively. The Limacodidae mitogenomes exhibited similar nucleotide composition, codon usage, RNA structure, and control region patterns, indicating the conservation of the mitogenome in the family Limacodidae. A sliding window, Ka/Ks, and genetic distance analyses revealed that the atp8 and nad6 genes exhibited the highest levels of variability and the most rapid evolutionary rates among the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) encoded in these Limacodidae mitogenomes, suggesting that they may offer value as candidate DNA markers. The phylogenetic analysis recovered the overall relationship as Tortricoidea + (Sesiidae + (Zygaenoidea + (Cossoidea/+Choreutoidea + (others)))). Within Zygaenoidea, Limacodidae was recovered as monophyletic, and the phylogenetic relationships were recovered as (Phaudidae + Zyganidae) + Limacodidae in all six phylogenetic trees. The analysis indicated that P. lepida, P. conjuncta, T. sinensis, and S. sinensis are members of the Limacodidae.

Treatment of chromium-containing sludge using sintering and ironmaking combined technology: A risk-reducing strategy for environmental impact.

The efficient, safe and eco-friendly disposal of the chromium-containing sludge (CCS) has attracted an increasing concern. In this study, Co-processing of CCS was developed via employing sintering and ironmaking combined technology for its harmless disposal and resource utilization. Crystalline phase and valence state transformation of chromium (Cr), technical feasibility assessment, leaching risk, characteristics of sintered products, and pollutant release during CCS co-processing were investigated through a series of laboratory-scale sintering pot experiments and large scale industrial trials. The results showed that the content of Cr(VI) in sintered products first increased then decreased with increasing temperature ranges of 300 °C-800 °C, and reached a maximum of 2189.64 mg/kg at 500 °C. 99.99% of Cr(VI) can be reduced to Cr(III) at above 1000 °C, which was attributed to the transformation of the Cr(VI)-containing crystalline phases (such as, MgCrO4 and CaCrO4) to the (Mg, Fe2+)(Cr, Al, Fe3+)2O4. The industrial trial results showed that adding 0.5 wt‰ CCS to sintering feed did not have adverse effects on the properties of the sintered ore and the plant's operating stability. The tumbler index of sinter was above 78% and the leaching concentrations of TCr (0.069 mg/L) was significantly lower than the Chinese National Standard of 1.0 mg/L (GB5085.3-2007). The TCr contents of sintering dust and blast furnace gas (BFG) scrubbing water were less than 0.19 wt‰ and 0.11 mg/L, respectively, which was far below the regulatory limit (1.5 mg/L, GB13456-2012). The mass balance evaluation results indicated that at least 89.9% of the Cr in the CCS migrated into the molten iron in the blast furnace (BF), which became a useful supplement to the molten iron. This study provided a new perspective strategy for the safe disposal and resource utilization of CCS in iron and steel industry.

Modified EBP-bFGF targeting endogenous renal extracellular matrix protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life-threatening disease primarily caused by renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which can result in renal failure. Currently, growth factor therapy is considered a promising and effective approach for AKI treatment. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), an angiogenic factor with potent activity, efficiently stimulates angiogenesis and facilitates regeneration of renal tissue. However, the unrestricted diffusion of bFGF restricts its clinical application in AKI treatment. Therefore, developing a novel sustained released system for bFGF could enhance its potential in treating AKI. In this study, we genetically engineered a multifunctional recombinant protein by fusing bFGF with a specific peptide (EBP). EBP-bFGF effectively binds to the extracellular matrix in the injured kidney, enabling slow release of bFGF in AKI. Furthermore, following orthotopic injection into I/R rats' ischemic kidneys, EBP-bFGF exhibited stable retention within the tissue. Additionally, EBP-bFGF suppressed apoptosis of renal cells, reduced renal fibrosis, and facilitated recovery of renal function. These findings suggest that EBP-bFGF delivery system represents a promising strategy for treating AKI.

Concrete Highway Crack Detection Based on Visible Light and Infrared Silicate Spectrum Image Fusion.

Cracks provide the earliest and most immediate visual response to structural deterioration of asphalt pavements. Most of the current methods for crack detection are based on visible light sensors and convolutional neural networks. However, such an approach obviously limits the detection to daytime and good lighting conditions. Therefore, this paper proposes a crack detection technique cross-modal feature alignment of YOLOV5 based on visible and infrared images. The infrared spectrum characteristics of silicate concrete can be an important supplement. The adaptive illumination-aware weight generation module is introduced to compute illumination probability to guide the training of the fusion network. In order to alleviate the problem of weak alignment of the multi-scale feature map, the FA-BIFPN feature pyramid module is proposed. The parallel structure of a dual backbone network takes 40% less time to train than a single backbone network. As determined through validation on FLIR, LLVIP, and VEDAI bimodal datasets, the fused images have more stable performance compared to the visible images. In addition, the detector proposed in this paper surpasses the current advanced YOLOV5 unimodal detector and CFT cross-modal fusion module. In the publicly available bimodal road crack dataset, our method is able to detect cracks of 5 pixels with 98.3% accuracy under weak illumination.

Brain Network Characterization of Preterm Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

BACKGROUND: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) affects the microstructure of white matter in preterm infants, but its influence on the changes of the brain structural network has not been elaborated. This study aims to investigate the connectivity characteristics of the brain structural network of BPD by using diffusion tensor imaging. METHODS: Thirty-three infants with BPD and 26 infants without BPD were enrolled in this study. Brain structural networks were constructed utilizing automated anatomic labeling mapping by tracing the fibers between each pair of regions in individual space. We calculated network metrics such as global efficiency, local efficiency, clustering coefficients, characteristic path length, and small-worldness. Then we compared the network metrics of these infants with those of 57 healthy term infants of comparable postmenstrual age at magnetic resonance imaging scan. Finally, network-based statistics was used to analyze the differences in brain network connectivity between the groups with and without BPD. RESULTS: Preterm infants with BPD had higher local efficiency and clustering coefficient, lower global efficiency, and longer characteristic path length. Also, preterm infants with BPD had decreased strength of limbic connections mainly in four brain regions: the left lingual gyrus, the left calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex, the right parahippocampal gyrus, and the left precuneus. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that preterm infants with BPD have lower network integration and higher segregation at term-equivalent age, which may reflect a compensatory mechanism. In addition, BPD affects brain regions involved in visual as well as cognitive functions; these findings provide a new approach to diagnose potential brain damage in preterm infants with BPD.

Properties of modified chitosan-based films and coatings and their application in the preservation of edible mushrooms: A review.

Edible mushrooms are prone to deteriorate during storage. A Single chitosan film or coating has limitations in preservation. Therefore, this article focused on the improvement of modified chitosan-based films and coatings on properties related to storage quality of edible mushrooms (e.g.: safety, barrier, mechanical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties). Besides, the application of chitosan-based materials in the preservation of mushrooms was also discussed. The modified chitosan film and coating can slow down the respiration of mushrooms, inhibit the growth of microorganisms, protect antioxidant compositions, and regulate the activity of related enzymes, thus improving the quality and prolonging the shelf life of mushrooms. Meanwhile, the added ingredients improve the water and gas barrier properties of chitosan through volume and group occupation, and reduce the light transmittance of chitosan through light transmission, scattering and absorption. Essential oils and polyphenolic compounds had a better enhancement of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan.

The roles of adenosine signaling in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with multiple etiological factors. Immune disorder contributes to SLE development and is an important clinical manifestation of SLE patients. Immune dysfunction is characterized by abnormal of B cells, T cells, monocyte-macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), in both quantity and quality. Adenosine is a critical factor for human immune homeostasis, which acts as an immunosuppressive signal and can prevent the hyperactivity of human immune system. Adenosine levels are significant decreased in serum from SLE patients. Adenosine level is regulated by the CD39, CD73 and adenosine deaminase (ADA). CD39/CD73/ADA catalyzed the cascade enzymatic reaction, which contained the adenosine generation and degradation. Adenosine affects the function of various immune cells via bind to the adenosine receptors, which are expressed on the cell surface. This review aims to export the changes of immune cells and adenosine signal pathway in SLE, as well as the effect of adenosine signal pathway in SLE development.

Unraveling the role of C1GALT1 in abnormal glycosylation and colorectal cancer progression.

C1GALT1 plays a pivotal role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression through its involvement in various molecular mechanisms. This enzyme is central to the O-glycosylation process, producing tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) like Tn and sTn, which are linked to cancer metastasis and poor prognosis. The interaction between C1GALT1 and core 3 synthase is crucial for the synthesis of core 3 O-glycans, essential for gastrointestinal health and mucosal barrier integrity. Aberrations in this pathway can lead to CRC development. Furthermore, C1GALT1's function is significantly influenced by its molecular chaperone, Cosmc, which is necessary for the proper folding of T-synthase. Dysregulation in this complex interaction contributes to abnormal O-glycan regulation, facilitating cancer progression. Moreover, C1GALT1 affects downstream signaling pathways and cellular behaviors, such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), by modifying O-glycans on key receptors like FGFR2, enhancing cancer cell invasiveness and metastatic potential. Additionally, the enzyme's relationship with MUC1, a mucin protein with abnormal glycosylation in CRC, highlights its role in cancer cell immune evasion and metastasis. Given these insights, targeting C1GALT1 presents a promising therapeutic strategy for CRC, necessitating further research to develop targeted inhibitors or activators. Future efforts should also explore C1GALT1's potential as a biomarker for early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response monitoring in CRC, alongside investigating combination therapies to improve patient outcomes.